In a surprise to nobody, today the US Supreme Court handed a
major victory to Monsanto, the St. Louis-based agribusiness giant. Vernon
Bowman, a 75-year old soybean farmer, harvested genetically-modified seeds on
his Indiana farm. These were not just any old seeds, and Bowman signed a
contract upon purchase agreeing not to save any seeds from the harvest. Like
about 90% of all soybeans in the united States, these contained the Roundup Ready® gene, making them resistant to
the herbicide Roundup, also a Monsanto product.
Bowman’s lawyers argued patent exhaustion; Monsanto (and others) argued that patent protection was necessary to recoup their R&D
costs, and that without patent protection “there would be no financial
incentive to continue investing in technologies with easily replicable
features.”
The Court agreed. Delivering the opinion for a
unanimous court, Justice Kagan wrote that the doctrine of patent exhaustion “does
not allow the purchaser to make new copies of the patented invention.” Farmers who
buy patented seeds—that is, basically all farmers—may not reproduce them
without the patent holder’s permission. This decision represents an extension
of the Court’s recent attention to (and extension of) intellectual property cases. The agribusiness, biotechnology, and even software industries are breathing a collective
sigh of relief—though Kagan did note that the Monsanto decision was a limited
one: “We recognize that such inventions are becoming ever more prevalent,
complex, and diverse.”
Monsanto framed the ruling as a victory for free-enterprise and America.
"The ruling also provides assurance to all inventors
throughout the public and private sectors that they can and should continue to
invest in innovation that feeds people, improves lives, creates jobs, and
allows America to keep its competitive edge,” said the company’s lawyer.
Espousing a view of pristine nature familiar to students of modern environmental history, the executive director of the Center
for Food Safety saw things rather differently. “The court's ruling is contrary
to logic and to agronomics, because it improperly attributes seeds'
reproduction to farmers, rather than nature."
Perhaps this is a good time to begin a conversation (or blog
posts, or panel possibilities) on the relationship of environmental history to the
emerging historiography of capitalism. To put a finer point on it, how can
environmental historians contribute to understanding why it is that today’s
ruling seemed so unsurprising? What can environmental history tell us about neoliberal
political economy?
I have a list of titles I think would be of some help in beginning to answer some of these questions although not all of them are historically oriented.
ReplyDelete• Aoki, Keith. Seed Wars: Controversies and Cases on Plant Genetic Resources and Intellectual Property. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2008.
• Bennett, Jon (with Susan George). The Hunger Machine. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1987.
• Bernstein, Henry, et al, eds. The Food Question: Profits Versus People. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990.
• Brock, Gillian. Global Justice: A Cosmopolitan Account. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.
• Drèze, Jean, Amartya Sen, and Athar Hussein, eds. The Political Economy of Hunger: Selected Essays. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
• Frankel, Francine R. India’s Green Revolution: Economic Gains and Political Costs. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.
• Gottleib, Robert and Anupama Joshi. Food Justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010.
• Hope, Janet. Biobazzar: The Open Source Revolution and Biotechnology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
• Kenny, Martin. Bio-technology: The University-Industrial Complex. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.
• Marx, Karl. Capital: Volume 1. London: Penguin Books (with New Left Review), 1990 (first ed., 1867).
• Mgbeoji, Ikechi. Global Biopiracy: Patents, Plants, and Indigenous Knowledge. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006.
• Miller, Richard W. Globalizing Justice: The Ethics of Poverty and Power. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
• Mirowski, Philip. Science-Mart: Privatizing American Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
• Murdoch, William W. The Poverty of Nations: The Political Economy of Hunger and Population. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.
• Patel, Raj. Stuffed and Starved: The Hidden Battle for the World Food System. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House Publishing, 2007.
• Perkins, John H. Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
• Schurman, Rachel and William A. Munro. Fighting for the Future of Food: Activists Versus Agribusiness in the Struggle Over Biotechnology. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2010.
• Shiva, Vandana. The Violence of the Green Revolution: Third World Agriculture, Ecology and Politics. London: Zed Books, 1991.
• Shiva, Vandana. Protect or Plunder? Understanding Intellectual Property Rights. London: Zed Books, 2001.
Thanks, Patrick. This is a great resource for our readers. In the not-too-distant future, we'd like to compile and post an crowd-sourced bibliography of ELH readings. This is a great way for us to get started!
ReplyDeleteHow's that bibliography coming?
Delete